Baltic Way 1993 · Problem 12
Combinatorics
There are 13 cities in a certain kingdom. Between some pairs of cities two-way direct bus, train or plane connections are established. What is the least possible number of connections to be established in order that choosing any two means of transportation one can go from any city to any other without using the third kind of vehicle?
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Review
Topics
Colorings and configurations · Pigeonhole and extremal arguments · Counting and enumeration
Solutions
Solution
Solution:
An example for 18 connections is shown in Figure 1 (where single, double and dashed lines denote the three different kinds of transportation). On the other hand, a connected graph with 13 vertices has at least 12 edges, so the total number of connections for any two kinds of vehicle is at least 12. Thus, twice the total number of all connections is at least .
Figure 1
Contest context
Results from Baltic Way 1993
8 teams
- Mean score
- 1.1 / 5
- Scores of 4 or 5
- 2 / 8
- Estonia
- 5 / 5
Score distribution
All team scores
| Team | Score |
|---|---|
| Poland | 0 / 5 |
| Latvia | 0 / 5 |
| Estonia | 5 / 5 |
| Sweden | 4 / 5 |
| Lithuania | 0 / 5 |
| Finland | 0 / 5 |
| Iceland | 0 / 5 |
| Denmark | 0 / 5 |